Published

2017-01-01

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina aislado de productos cárnicos crudos en Cartagena, Colombia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61768

Keywords:

MRSA, MSSA, PCR, Panton Valentine, Leukocidin toxin (PVL), Meat products, Bacterial resistance (en)
SARM, SASM, PCR, Toxina Panton Valentin, Leucocidina, Productos cárnicos, resistencia bacteriana (es)

Authors

  • Lersy López Gutierrez Universidad del Sinú EBZ seccional Cartagena
  • Alfonso Bettin Martinez Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla
  • Héctor Suárez Mahecha Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA) Universidad Nacional de Colombia
To determine the prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in establishments that commercialize raw ground beef and pork chops in Cartagena- Colombia. 160 samples were analyzed through microbiological cultures in Baire Parcker agar, and it was determined the presence of mecA gen that codifies the methicillin resistance and the pvl that codifies the Panton- Valentine leukocidin toxin (PVL) by the multiplex PCR technique. The antibiotic susceptibility profile for MRSA strains was realized by automatized methods and for MSSA strains it was used Kirby Bauver. 66 samples were confirmed as S. aureus by PCR. The prevalence of MRSA was 7.5% and 33.8% of MSSA. The 66% of the strains were isolated from raw ground beef and the 34% of pork chop meat. The isolations presented about 2 – 12% of multi-resistance to the antibiotics used. The MRSA showed resistance to amoxicillin- clavulanate (57%), ampicillin-sulbactam and cefazolin (85%), erythromycin and clindamycin (7%), tetracycline (35%). The 10% of the isolated strains had the gen of PVL toxin and the 71% of those were identified in samples of raw pork meat and the 28% in raw ground beef. This study reports for the first time, how meat raw products commercialized in the city of Cartagena could build a dissemination source of MRSA carrier of PVL toxin that could generate a public health disease.
Se determinó la prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a Meticilina (SARM) aislado en expendios que comercializaban carne cruda molida de res y chuleta de cerdo en Cartagena - Colombia. Fueron analizadas 160 muestras a través de cultivo microbiológico en agar Baire Parcker y se determinó la presencia del gen mecA que codifica la resistencia a la meticilina y de pvl que codifica la toxina leucocidina de Panton-Valentine (PVL) mediante la técnica de PCR múltiple. El perfil de susceptibilidad antibiótica para las cepas SARM fue realizado por métodos automatizados y para cepas SASM se utilizó Kirby Bauver. 66 muestras fueron confirmadas como S. aureus por PCR, la prevalencia de SARM fue de 7.5% y 33.8% de SASM. El 66% de las cepas fueron aisladas de carne molida de res y 34% de carne de chuleta de cerdo. Los aislamientos presentaron entre 2 a 12% de multirresistencia a los antibióticos utilizados. Los SARM mostraron resistencia a amoxacilinaclavulonato (57%), ampicilina ¿ sulbatam y cefazolina (85%), eritromicina y clindamicina (7%), tetraciclina (35%). El 10% de las cepas aisladas tenían el gen de la toxina PVL y el 71% de estos fue identificado en muestras de carne cruda de cerdo y el 28% en carne cruda molida de res. Este estudio reporta por primera vez, como productos cárnicos crudos comercializados en la ciudad de Cartagena pueden constituir una fuente de diseminación de cepas SARM portadoras de la toxina PVL, lo cual podría generar un problema de salud pública.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61768

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina aislado de productos cárnicos crudos en Cartagena, Colombia

 

Lersy López Gutierrez1, Alfonso Bettin Martinez2, Héctor Suárez Mahecha3

 

1 Universidad del Sinú (EBZ), seccional Cartagena 117, Tv 54 No 41, Cartagena, Colombia
2 Universidad Metropolitana Barranquilla Escuela de Medicina Universidad del Sinú (EBZ), seccional Cartagena 117, Tv 54 No 41, Cartagena, Colombia
3 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA) Universidad Nacional de Colombia AA 14490, Bogotá, Colombia. <hsuarezm@unal.edu.co>

 

Received: May 16, 2016; Accepted: August 19, 2016

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.


ABSTRACT
To determine the prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in establishments that commercialize raw ground beef and pork chops in Cartagena- Colombia. 160 samples were analyzed through microbiological cultures in Baire Parcker agar, and it was determined the presence of mecA gen that codifies the methicillin resistance and the pvl that codifies the Panton- Valentine leukocidin toxin (PVL) by the multiplex PCR technique. The antibiotic susceptibility profile for MRSA strains was realized by automatized methods and for MSSA strains it was used Kirby Bauver. 66 samples were confirmed as S. aureus by PCR. The prevalence of MRSA was 7.5% and 33.8% of MSSA. The 66% of the strains were isolated from raw ground beef and the 34% of pork chop meat. The isolations presented about 2 - 12% of multi-resistance to the antibiotics used. The MRSA showed resistance to amoxicillin- clavulanate (57%), ampicillin-sulbactam and cefazolin (85%), erythromycin and clindamycin (7%), tetracycline (35%). The 10% of the isolated strains had the gen of PVL toxin and the 71% of those were identified in samples of raw pork meat and the 28% in raw ground beef. This study reports for the first time, how meat raw products commercialized in the city of Cartagena could build a dissemination source of MRSA carrier of PVL toxin that could generate a public health disease.

Key words: MRSA, MSSA, PCR, Panton Valentine Leukocidin toxin (PVL), Meat products Bacterial resistance.

RESUMEN
Se determinó la prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a Meticilina (SARM) aislado en expendios que comercializaban carne cruda molida de res y chuleta de cerdo en Cartagena - Colombia. Fueron analizadas 160 muestras a través de cultivo microbiológico en agar Baire Parcker y se determinó la presencia del gen mecA que codifica la resistencia a la meticilina y de pvl que codifica la toxina leucocidina de Panton-Valentine (PVL) mediante la técnica de PCR múltiple. El perfil de susceptibilidad antibiótica para las cepas SARM fue realizado por métodos automatizados y para cepas SASM se utilizó Kirby Bauver. 66 muestras fueron confirmadas como S. aureus por PCR, la prevalencia de SARM fue de 7.5% y 33.8% de SASM. El 66% de las cepas fueron aisladas de carne molida de res y 34% de carne de chuleta de cerdo. Los aislamientos presentaron entre 2 a 12% de multirresistencia a los antibióticos utilizados. Los SARM mostraron resistencia a amoxacilina- clavulonato (57%), ampicilina - sulbatam y cefazolina (85%), eritromicina y clindamicina (7%), tetraciclina (35%). El 10% de las cepas aisladas tenían el gen de la toxina PVL y el 71% de estos fue identificado en muestras de carne cruda de cerdo y el 28% en carne cruda molida de res. Este estudio reporta por primera vez, como productos cárnicos crudos comercializados en la ciudad de Cartagena pueden constituir una fuente de diseminación de cepas SARM portadoras de la toxina PVL, lo cual podría generar un problema de salud pública.

Palabras claves: SARM, SASM, PCR, Toxina Panton Valentin Leucocidina (PVL), Productos cárnicos Resistencia bacteriana.


 

Since its isolation in 1961 until now, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been considerated one of the main pathogens healthcare-associated infections at hospitals, nevertheless, in the last two decades the scene of infections caused by this bacteria has been changing due to the emergency and dissemination of productive strains of community acquired infections, known as CA-MRSA (Bustos et al., 2006). This strains defer from the traditional hospitalarie ones, not only in their epidemiological behaviour but also in their susceptibility to antibiotics and virulence (Zetola et al., 2005). The CA-MRSA strains has been showed virulent features, and have caused serious outbreaks in gated communities as family, millitary groups, recluses, kindergartners and athletes (Ho et al., 2007). Most of these strains produce the toxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), which has been associated with necrotizing pneumonia in all age groups; containing the chromosomal cassette SCCmec type IV or V, which confers methicillin resistance which is encoded in the mecA gene that is located in this cassette (McClure et al., 2006; Hiramatsu et al., 2001). This genetic vehicle can carry other genes as Tn554 gene that confers macrolid, clindamycin and streptogramins resistance, the pT181 gene, confers tetracycline resistance. The same SSCmec can carry virulence genes enterotoxin B and C and toxic shock toxin (Barbara-Wysockib et al., 2010; Zuo et al., 2008). Additionally, MRSA strains have the ability to produce intermittent colonizations (children, 10-40% and adults, 30%) being the most common site, the nasal cavity, which can lead to infections with severity varying degrees as infections of the skin and tissues through osteomyelitis and rapidly evolving and high mortality necrotizing pneumonia (Quiroga et al., 2013).

Regarding to multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains related with food industry it has been shown that these has predominantly colonized people who works in the production of animal origin food. It also has been reported high prevalence of S. aureus on pigs of different parts of the world (Smith and Pearson, 2010; Rijen et al., 2007). By the way, studies such as Gilchrist et al. (2007), have shown contamination of meat with multiresistant S. aureus to clinically important antibiotics as Ciprofloxacin, quinupristin / dalfopristin, clindamycin, erythromycin, oxacillin, and daptomycin. Also in a study made in Colombia, they found that the prevalence of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin in S. aureus, was around 57 and 58%, respectively (Reyes et al., 2007). In the city of Cartagena they have been studies that report the presence of CA-MRSA in individuals with no clinical antecedents. Álvarez et al. (2006), in patients with nasal pathology treated in the Otolaryngology service at the Universitary Hospital of the Caribbean in Cartagena, reported a prevalence of S. aureus 22.8% and 5.26% for MRSA; another investigation by Bettin et al. (2012), reported that the 16% of the Medical students carry at least one of the MRSA strains in their nostrils for one or two years of their stay in clinics, where they perform their professional practices. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus CA-MRSA and antimicrobial susceptibility profile from samples of ground beef and raw pork meat sold in the city of Cartagena, in order to meet potential sources of spread of such pathogenic microorganisms.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Obtaining the samples
An observational descriptive study was conducted in 40 establishments which commercialize beef and raw pork, distributed in three locations in the city of Cartagena: 19 (47.5%) in the localidad histórica y del Caribe (LHC); 16 (40%) in the localidad industrial de la bahía (LIB) and 5 (12.5%) in the localidad turística (LT), where the statistical criteria for the selection of the shops that marketed the two types of meat was: estimated variance of 0.19 according to preliminary investigation; a 5% of error and a minimum probability of 75%. The establishments (sampling units) were randomly selected and in each one dispensing samples between 100-300 g of ground beef (CM) and raw pork chop meat (CC) were taken. The sampling was conducted from July 2012 to May 2013, taking into account the guidelines set out in the Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 4491-2 (2004).

Microbiological analysis
Once the samples were taken, these were labeled, refrigarated to 4 °C and transported to the science laboratory of food at the Universidad del Sinú-Seccional Cartagena. Microbiological cultures were performed for the count of S. aureus through the count in Baird Parcker® agar plate technique. The procedure consisted on performing three samples of serial dilutions (10-1, 10-2 and 10-3), and plated in duplicates, incubated it for 48 hours at 35 °C, according to INVIMA (1998), and the NTC 4779 (2007). The sample reading was realized according to the NTC 1325 (2008) that establishes as an aceptable microbiological requirement for S. aureus 100-300 CFU g-1 of meat raw procesed, cool and/ or frozen products. Samples were the growment was not showed, were reported as <100 CFU g-1. The specificity and sensibility controls of the culture medium realizated with the S. aureus sample ATCC 25923.

Molecular Identification
The genomic DNA in each isolation was reached according to the protocole described by Bettin et al. (2012). Were each presumptive isolation was cultured on a Plate Count® agar and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Five colonies were suspended in 0.5 mL of TE buffer and centrifugated at 13,000 rpm x 5 min, heated for 30 min and finally centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant that contains the bacterial DNA was stored at -20 °C until a subsequent amplification through the multiplex polimerase chain reaction (M-PCR).

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
Every isolated MRSA were tipifyed using a multiple PCR essay according with the protocole described by (Zhang et al., 2005). The recolected DNA was subjected to a M-PCR to amplify the mecA gene (who determine the methicillin resistance), that amplifies a 147 pb fragment, the nuc gene of the specific S.aureus thermostable nuclease that amplifies a 300 pb fragment and the 437 pb of the Luk-PVL of the PVL toxin. The control strains were S. aureus ATCC 33591 (mecA +; nuc +; PVL -) and ATCC 25923 (mecA -; nuc +; PVL +) and water for negative control of the PCR assays. The DNA was amplified in a reaction volume of 25uL containing 12.5 uL of PCR mix (PCR master Mix; Promega), 0.2 uM of each primer and 5 uL of template DNA. The reaction was conducted in an Axigen® thermal cycler under the following conditions: an initial cycle of denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 50 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C 2 min with a final extension cycle at 72 °C for 10 min. All products were visualized on agarose gel 1.5% with ethidium bromide (0.5 ug mL-1), using a UV transilluminator.

Antibiotic susceptibility profile. The method used to identify MRSA strains was the MicroScan automated system, Siemens®, using panels for dehydrated Gram possitive, supplied by Siemens. For the MSSA strains was used the diffusion method on Kirby Bauver disc. The MSSA strains were determined the following antimicrobials susceptibility: gentamicin 10 mg, 15 mg erythromycin, trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole 23.75 mg and 1.25 mg, 2 mg clindamycin and rifampin 5mg, those antibiotics were supplied by DIFCO. For oxacillin resistance mediated by the mecA gene, was performed as a screening test the microdilution agar technique and a disk diffusion with 30 ng cefoxitin (DIFCO) in a Mueller-Hinton agar. The plates were incubated at 35 °C between 16 to 20 hours. Reading and interpretation was performed according to the guide lines of CLSI, (2013). The possitive mecA control strain was S. aureus ATCC 43300.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Emergence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in the community with different characteristics from MRSA hospital strains, has caused an alert among health centers and organizations dedicated to the study and control of this microorganism. CA-MRSA infections are an emerging problem in many parts of the world. The injury level yet known, the epidemiological change, clinical manifestations and control can become into a significant public health problem in the near future. Establishing health measures it's neccesary to control the re-emergence of this pathogen and, as possible, to eliminate it in time for preventing it to become a serious threat to the community. In total 160 samples were taken in 40 establishment that comercialized raw meat products, 80 samples of ground beef and 80 samples of pork chop meat. 47.5% (76/160) of the samples was taken in the LHC, 40% in the industrial bay place (LIB) and 12.5% in the tourist place (LT).

From the 160 samples analyzed, in 46% of the samples (75/160) were obtained presumptive counts os S. aureus greater than 100 CFU g-1 in 54% (85/160) no microbial growth was obtained, which is reported as counts <100 CFU g-1. At the 75th samples counted > 100 CFU g-1 were subjected to the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the identification of the bacterial genus and in 66 samples (88%) the presence of S. aureus was confirmed and in 9 (12%) was not possible to determine the genus. From the 66 samples confirmed by PCR, 18% (12/66) were positive for the mecA gene indicating that they were MRSA strains, and 54 (82%) did not have the gene, confirming them as methicillin sensitive or MSSA strains. As for its origin, 66% were isolated from ground beef meat and 34% pork chop, regardless if they were MRSA or MSSA. Regarding to it provinance, the 66% were isolated from ground beef and 34% from pork chop meat regardless if they were MSRA or MSSA.

From the 66 confirmed samples, 23 (35%) had acceptable microbiological counts of food quality (100-300 CFU g-1) according to the Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 1325 (2008); and 43 samples (65%) presented higher counts than 300 CFU g-1. From the 12 possitive samples for MRAS, just 4 of them had acceptable quality counts, while 8 had counts above the accepted standard. The results of the isolated global prevalence of MRAS and MSSA are presented in the Table 1. Furthermore, in Figure 1 the results of PCR amplified products for the presence of mecA in positive samples are shown.

Most animals can be colonized by S. aureus, various researches reports isolated MRSA strains from pigs, cows, chicken and others (De Neeling et al., 2007; Huijsdens et al., 2006), especially reported colonization cases by this strain in pigs, farmers and their families. In Netherland people who are in contact with pigs it's recognized as a risk factor for MRSA (Van Duijkeren et al., 2007), according to this, it has been suggested the relation to the emergence of MRSA strains in pigs and the antibiotic use in agriculture (Wulf and Voss, 2008). Results of this research reports the evidence of MRSA in meat products comercialized in the city of Cartagena, and the increase of this organism in relation to the virulence and pathogenicity, coinciding with other researches were the identification and development of new cases in different geographical locations has been confirmed by the implications on public health in both developed and developing countries (Lim et al., 2012; Deurenberg et al., 2006).

For the distribution of MRSA strains it was observed that there was the presence of these strains in the three locations, being LIB and LT the localities that contributed with four isolates each one, and the localidad del caribe norte contributed with two. There were 10 establishments in total which the presence of the mecA gene in the analyzed samples was there. The presence of the PVL gene was found in 7 (10.6%) of the 66 strains confirmed as S. aureus by PCR, of which six samples, two of ground beef and 4 pork meat were identified as MRSA and only one of the pork meat as MSSA. This gene was isolated in the (71%) of the pork chop meat samples and in the (28%) of the ground beef samples, one of the pork isolated strains was identified as MSSA. Studies show the prevalence of MRSA in ground raw meat (Fontes et al., 2013; Boer et al., 2009; Hanson et al., 2011) in agreement with our results. The presence of this strain in food may be due to the contamination of the slaughterhouse ducts or by the deficient hygiene practice of the operator, inasmuch as nasal area is considered the primary colonized site by S. aureus, who is also founded in the intestinal tract (Bhalla et al., 2007).

Two of the samples presented the encoding gene for the PVL toxin, they were isolated from meat samples with colony counts that were between the reference parameters: 100-300 CFU g-1 (Table 2) which is considered suitable for human consumption, five of the samples with the presence of this gene were rejected by showing higher counts than 300 CFU g-1, according to the Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 1325 (2008). The establishments were the toxin genes were found were distributed in the three localities, and corresponds to two establishments per locality. Presence of MRSA strains that carriers PVL toxin in establishments in the three localities in the city Cartagena constitutes a risk to the population because it could be presented pathologies associated to this toxin that has the ability of destroying white blood cells and also necrotizing injuries in lungs and soft tissues (Rossney et al., 2007). Because of the invasive and virulent ability of this toxin, it has reached a great importance and concern in society, which currently conducted numerous studies in different countries about the isolation of MRSA's capable of producing the toxin (Witte et al., 2005). According to this Hanson et al. (2011) reported two isolated strains from pork meat, with a global prevalence of 1.2%; instead just one isolated MRSA was possitive to the PVL gene. A recent study in Japan identified MSSA t034 in pigs (Asai et al., 2012). Another study in China described T189, associated with ST188, as one of the more common clones responsible for bacteremia (Yu et al., 2012). Therefore, food handlers carrying S. aureus T189 may present higher risk of infection and food transmission.

Figure 2 shows the percentage results of multiresistant strains of S. aureus isolated from meat products. Antibiotic multidrug-resistance were observed in the 66 isolated strains. One of the isolated strain showed resistance to 8 antibiotics (Amoxicillin-clavulanate, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines and cefazolin, penicillin, rifampin and ampicillin sulbatam), but even so it was identified as MSSA. MRSA strains were resistant to the following antibiotics: 57% amoxacilln- clavulonate, ampicillin - sulbactam and cefazolin, 85% penicillin, 7% erythromycin and clindamycin, 35% to tetracycline.

Regarding the antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus isolated in food, the study of Gilchrist et al. (2007) where 5136 samples of meat and poultry were analyzed, founding that 47% of the samples were contaminated with S. aureus, which 52% of isolates showed multidrug resistance to antibiotics, which allows to state that the widespread use of antimicrobials in food production of animal origin, could be one of the causes of the emergence of multidrug resistance. A study by Ho et al. (2014) in food handlers made in six food companies, showed that people exposed to raw meat have higher risk of being colonized with S. aureus strains, it was also reported strains resistant to tetracycline (20%) and erythromycin (16%). So it is possible that multidrug-resistant strains come from food handlers.

Another study conducted in five cities of USA, founding in beef and poultry, multiple resistance to clinically important antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, quinupristin / dalfopristin, clindamycin, erythromycin, oxacillin, and daptomycin (Marty et al., 2012). This study is consistent with our results, as it was found highly resistant to antibiotics commonly used to treat infections caused by this bacterium. MRSA has apparently responded well to therapies based on clindamycin and even with trimethoprim sulfametazole in communities with high prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus for handling soft tissues minor infections (Jorgenser, 2000; Agnoletti et al., 2014). In the present study it was found 7% of MRSA strains resistant to clindamycin, indicating the risk of acquiring these strains through food.

 

CONCLUSIONS

7.5% of Staphylococcus aureus reported were MRSA and 33.8% were MSSA, in a total of 25% of the sampled establishments. The type of analyzed meat that obtained the highest percentage of MRSA was ground beef with 66%. MRSA strains are distribute in the three locations in the city of Cartagena, 40% in the localidad Virgen y Turística, 40% in the localidad Industrial de la Bahía and 20% in the localidad Histórica y del Caribe. It was found a marked antibiotic resistance in the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and in strains that carried the PVL toxin, obtaining a antibiotic multidrug resistance. It was confirmed circulation and possible spread of MRSA strains capable of producing genes encoding PVL toxin in meat products, which represents a risk to meat consumers in the city of Cartagena.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Liris González, Assistant of the Food Science Laboratory, students of the semillero Innovación e Inocuidad de la Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad del Sinú EBZ Seccional Cartagena. Thanks Angie Arboleda Roca, student of medical School in the Universidad Metropolitana, Barranquilla.

 

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NTC 4779. 2007. Instituto Colombiano Norma Técnica. ICONTEC. Microbiología de alimentos y alimentos para animales. Método horizontal para el recuento de Estafilococos coagulasa positiva (Staphylococcus aureus y otras especies).

NTC 1325. 2008. Instituto Colombiano Norma Técnica. ICONTEC. Industrias alimentarias. Productos cárnicos procesados no enlatados.

Petternel C, Galler H, Zarfel G, Luxner J, Haas D, Grisold AJ, Reinthaler FF, Feierl G. 2014. Isolation and characterization of multidrug-resistant bacteria from minced meat in Austria. Food Microbiology 44: 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.04.013

Quiroga WA, Ruiz V, Montoya DM. 2013. Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina y sus complicaciones: descripción de un caso. Revista Médica de Risaralda 19(2).

Reyes J, Hidalgo M, Diaz L, Rincon S, Moreno J, Vanegas N, Castañeda E, Arias CA. 2007. Characterization of macrolide resistance in Gram-positive cocci from Colombia hospitals: a countrywide surveillance. International Journal Infection Diseases 11(4): 329-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2006.09.005

Rijen MV, Keulen PV, Kluytmans J. 2007. P1591 Increase of pig and calf related MRSA in a Dutch hospital. Clinical Microbiology Infection 13: S446-S447. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(07)71430-9

Rossney AS, Shore AC, Morgan PM, Fitzgibbon MM, O'Connell B, Coleman DC. 2007. The emergence and importation of diverse genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) harboring the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene (pvl) reveal that pvl is a poor marker for community-acquired MRSA strains in Ireland. Journal Clinical Microbiology 45(8): 2554-63.

Smith TC, Pearson N. 2010. The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases 11(4): 327-39. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0072

Van Duijkeren E, Jansen MD, Flemming SC, Neeling H De, Wagenaar JA, Schoormans AH, Van Nes A, Fluit AC. 2007. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs with exudative epidermitis. Emergency Infection Diseases 13: 1408-1410. doi: 10.3201/eid1309.061268

Witte W, Cuny C, Strommenger B, Braulke C, Heuk D. 2005. Emergence of a new community - acquired MRSA strain in Germany. Euro Surveill 9: 16-18.

Wulf M, Voss A. 2008. MRSA in livestock animals-an epidemic waiting to happen. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 14: 519-521. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01970.x

Yu F, Li T, Huang X, Xie J, Xu Y, Tu J, Qin Z, Parsons C, Wang J, Hu L, Wang L. 2012. Virulence gene profiling and molecular characterization of hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bloodstream infection. Diagnopsty Microbiology Infection Diseases 74: 363-368. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.08.015

Zetola N, Francis J, Nuermberger E, Bishai W. 2005. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infection Diseases 5: 275-286.

Zhang K, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Louie T, Conly JM. 2005. Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types Ito V in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal Clinical Microbiology 43: 5026-5033.

Zuo GY, Wang GC, Zhao YB, Xu GL, Hao XY, Han J, Zhao O. 2008. Screening of Chinese medicinal plants for inhibition against clinical isolates of methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Journal Ethnopharmacology 120(2): 287-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.021

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McClure J, Conly J, Lau V, Elsayed S, Louie T, Hutchins W. 2006. Novel Multiplex PCR assay for detection of the Staphylococcal virulence marker Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and simultaneous discrimination of methicillin-susceptible from-resistant Staphylococci. Journal Clinical Microbiology 44: 1141-1144. doi: 10.1128/JCM.4 4.3.11 41 -1144.2006

NTC 4491-2. 2004. Instituto Colombiano de Norma Técnica. ICONTEC. Microbiología de alimentos y de alimentos para animales. Preparación de muestras para ensayo, suspensiones iniciales y diluciones decimales para los análisis microbiológicos. Parte 2: Reglas específicas para la preparación de carne y productos cárnicos.

NTC 4779. 2007. Instituto Colombiano Norma Técnica. ICONTEC. Microbiología de alimentos y alimentos para animales. Método horizontal para el recuento de Estafilococos coagulasa positiva (Staphylococcus aureus y otras especies).

NTC 1325. 2008. Instituto Colombiano Norma Técnica. ICONTEC. Industrias alimentarias. Productos cárnicos procesados no enlatados.

Petternel C, Galler H, Zarfel G, Luxner J, Haas D, Grisold AJ, Reinthaler FF, Feierl G. 2014. Isolation and characterization of multidrugresistant bacteria from minced meat in Austria. Food Microbiology 44: 41-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.04.013

Quiroga WA, Ruiz V, Montoya DM. 2013. Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina y sus complicaciones: descripción de un caso. Revista Médica de Risaralda 19(2).

Reyes J, Hidalgo M, Diaz L, Rincon S, Moreno J, Vanegas N, Castañeda E, Arias CA. 2007. Characterization of macrolide resistance in Gram-positive cocci from Colombia hospitals: a countrywide surveillance. International Journal Infection Diseases 11(4): 329-36. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2006.09.005

Rijen MV, Keulen PV, Kluytmans J. 2007. P1591 Increase of pig and calf related MRSA in a Dutch hospital. Clinical Microbiology Infection 13: S446–S447. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(07)71430-9

Rossney AS, Shore AC, Morgan PM, Fitzgibbon MM, O´Connell B, Coleman DC. 2007. The emergence and importation of diverse genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) harboring the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene (pvl) reveal that pvl is a poor marker for community-acquired MRSA strains in Ireland. Journal Clinical Microbiology 45(8): 2554-63.

Smith TC, Pearson N. 2010. The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases 11(4): 327-39. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0072

Van Duijkeren E, Jansen MD, Flemming SC, Neeling H De, Wagenaar JA, Schoormans AH, Van Nes A, Fluit AC. 2007. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs with exudative epidermitis. Emergency Infection Diseases 13: 1408-1410. doi: 10.3201/eid1309.061268

Witte W, Cuny C, Strommenger B, Braulke C, Heuk D. 2005. Emergence of a new community - acquired MRSA strain in Germany. Euro Surveill 9: 16-18.

Wulf M, Voss A. 2008. MRSA in livestock animals-an epidemic waiting to happen. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 14: 519-521. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01970.x

Yu F, Li T, Huang X, Xie J, Xu Y, Tu J, Qin Z, Parsons C, Wang J, Hu L, Wang L. 2012. Virulence gene profiling and molecular characterization of hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bloodstream infection. Diagnopsty Microbiology Infection Diseases 74: 363-368. doi: 10.1016/j

Zetola N, Francis J, Nuermberger E, Bishai W. 2005. Communityacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infection Diseases 5: 275-286.

Zhang K, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Louie T, Conly JM. 2005. Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types Ito V in methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal Clinical Microbiology 43: 5026–5033.

Zuo GY, Wang GC, Zhao YB, Xu GL, Hao XY, Han J, Zhao O. 2008. Screening of Chinese medicinal plants for inhibition against clinical isolates of methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Journal Ethnopharmacology 120(2): 287-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.021

How to Cite

APA

López Gutierrez, L., Bettin Martinez, A. and Suárez Mahecha, H. (2017). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 70(1), 8091–8098. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61768

ACM

[1]
López Gutierrez, L., Bettin Martinez, A. and Suárez Mahecha, H. 2017. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. 70, 1 (Jan. 2017), 8091–8098. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61768.

ACS

(1)
López Gutierrez, L.; Bettin Martinez, A.; Suárez Mahecha, H. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín 2017, 70, 8091-8098.

ABNT

LÓPEZ GUTIERREZ, L.; BETTIN MARTINEZ, A.; SUÁREZ MAHECHA, H. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, [S. l.], v. 70, n. 1, p. 8091–8098, 2017. DOI: 10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61768. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/61768. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.

Chicago

López Gutierrez, Lersy, Alfonso Bettin Martinez, and Héctor Suárez Mahecha. 2017. “Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia”. Revista Facultad Nacional De Agronomía Medellín 70 (1):8091-98. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61768.

Harvard

López Gutierrez, L., Bettin Martinez, A. and Suárez Mahecha, H. (2017) “Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia”, Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 70(1), pp. 8091–8098. doi: 10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61768.

IEEE

[1]
L. López Gutierrez, A. Bettin Martinez, and H. Suárez Mahecha, “Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia”, Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 8091–8098, Jan. 2017.

MLA

López Gutierrez, L., A. Bettin Martinez, and H. Suárez Mahecha. “Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, vol. 70, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 8091-8, doi:10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61768.

Turabian

López Gutierrez, Lersy, Alfonso Bettin Martinez, and Héctor Suárez Mahecha. “Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 8091–8098. Accessed March 28, 2024. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/61768.

Vancouver

1.
López Gutierrez L, Bettin Martinez A, Suárez Mahecha H. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín [Internet]. 2017 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 Mar. 28];70(1):8091-8. Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/61768

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2. Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Sri Agus Sudjarwo, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Sancaka Cashyer Ramandinianto, Maria Aega Gelolodo, Agus Widodo, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu, Dyah Ayu Kurniawati. (2022). Review of pork and pork products as a source for transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of One Health, , p.167. https://doi.org/10.14202/IJOH.2022.167-177.

3. Pınar Şanlıbaba. (2022). Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw beef, sheep, and lamb meat in Turkey. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 361, p.109461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109461.

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