Published

2015-07-01

Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101

Keywords:

Site-specific, earthquake spectra, site response analysis, codes, probabilistic (en)

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Authors

  • Ercan Işık Bitlis Eren University
  • Mustafa Kutanis 2 Sakarya University, Civil Engineering Dept. TR-54100 Sakarya- Turkey

In this study, site-specific earthquake spectra for Bitlis province in Lake Van Basin has been obtained. It is noteworthy that, in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, as a first stage data from geological studies and records from the instrumental period were compiled to make a seismic source characterization for the study region.The probabilistic seismic hazard curves for Bitlis were developed based on selected appropriate attenuation relationships, at rock sites, with a probability of exceedance 2%, 10% and 50% in 50 year periods. The obtained results were compared with the spectral responses proposed for seismic evaluation and retrofit of the building structure in Turkish Earthquake Code, Section 2. At the end of this study, it is apprehended that the Code proposed earthquake response spectra are not sufficient for the performance evaluation of the existing structures and the current estimations show that the potential seismic hazard research of the Turkey is underestimated in the code.Therefore, site- specific design spectra for the region should be developed, which reflect the characteristics of local sites.

 

Determinación de espectros de sitio específico locales a través del análisis probabilístico de amenazas sísmicas para la provincia de Bitlis, Turquía

 

Resumen

En este estudio se obtuvieron espectros de terremoto de sitio específico para la cuenca del Lago de Van, en la provincia de Bitlis, al este de Turquía. La primera fase del trabajo consistió en una evaluación probabilística de riesgo sísmico donde se compilaron los estudios geológicos y registros del período instrumental para hacer una caracterización de fuente sísmica en la región de estudio. Las curvas de amenaza sísmica para la provincia de Bitlis se desarrollaron con base en las relaciones de atenuación apropiada seleccionadas en los sitios rocosos, con una probabilidad de exceso de 2 %, 10 % y 50 % durante 50 años. Los resultados obtenidos se compararon con las respuestas de espectro propuestas para la evaluación sísmica y modernización de estructuras contempladas en el Código de Terremoto de Turquía, en la sección 2. En la parte final de este trabajo se comprende que las respuestas de espectros de terremoto propuestos en el código no son suficientes para la evaluación de desempeño de las estructuras existentes y que las estimaciones actuales muestran que la investigación de amenazas potenciales sísmicas en Turquía está subestimada en el código. Por lo tanto, el diseño de espectros de sitio específico para la región se debe desarrollar, ya que permitiría conocer las singularidades locales.

https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101.

SEISMOLOGY

Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey

Determinación de espectros de sitio específico locales a través del análisis probabilístico de amenazas sísmicas para la provincia de Bitlis, Turquía

Ercan Işık1*, Mustafa Kutanis2

1 Bitlis Eren University, Civil Engineering Dept. TR-13100 Bitlis- Turkey
2 Sakarya University, Civil Engineering Dept. TR-54100 Sakarya- Turkey
* Correspondence author: Ercan Işık, Phone:+90 (434) 222 00 97 Ext:9701; Fax: +90 (434) 222 91 01; e-mail: ercanbitliseren@gmail.com

Record
Manuscript received: 12/04/2015 Accepted for publication: 17/06/2015

How to cite item
Isik, E. and Kutanis, M. (2015). Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 19(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101.


ABSTRACT

In this study, site-specific earthquake spectra for Bitlis province in Lake Van Basin has been obtained. It is noteworthy that, in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, as a first stage data from geological studies and records from the instrumental period were compiled to make a seismic source characterization for the study region. The probabilistic seismic hazard curves for Bitlis were developed based on selected appropriate attenuation relationships, at rock sites, with a probability of exceedance 2%, 10% and 50% in 50 year periods. The obtained results were compared with the spectral responses proposed for seismic evaluation and retrofit of the building structure in Turkish Earthquake Code, Section 2. At the end of this study, it is apprehended that the Code proposed earthquake response spectra are not sufficient for the performance evaluation of the existing structures and the current estimations show that the potential seismic hazard research of the Turkey is underestimated in the code. Therefore, site- specific design spectra for the region should be developed, which reflect the characteristics of local sites.

Keywords: Site-specific, earthquake spectra, site response analysis, codes, probabilistic.


RESUMEN

En este estudio se obtuvieron espectros de terremoto de sitio específico para la cuenca del Lago de Van, en la provincia de Bitlis, al este de Turquía. La primera fase del trabajo consistió en una evaluación probabilística de riesgo sísmico donde se compilaron los estudios geológicos y registros del período instrumental para hacer una caracterización de fuente sísmica en la región de estudio. Las curvas de amenaza sísmica para la provincia de Bitlis se desarrollaron con base en las relaciones de atenuación apropiada seleccionadas en los sitios rocosos, con una probabilidad de exceso de 2 %, 10 % y 50 % durante 50 años. Los resultados obtenidos se compararon con las respuestas de espectro propuestas para la evaluación sísmica y modernización de estructuras contempladas en el Código de Terremoto de Turquía, en la sección 2. En la parte final de este trabajo se comprende que las respuestas de espectros de terremoto propuestos en el código no son suficientes para la evaluación de desempeño de las estructuras existentes y que las estimaciones actuales muestran que la investigación de amenazas potenciales sísmicas en Turquía está subestimada en el código. Por lo tanto, el diseño de espectros de sitio específico para la región se debe desarrollar, ya que permitiría conocer las singularidades locales.

Palabras clave: Sitio específico, espectros de terremoto, análisis de respuesta de sitio, códigos, probabilística.


Introduction

Seismic hazard analysis of the earthquake-prone Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey has become more important due to its growing strategic importance as a global energy corridor and closer integration with the European Union. In this study, Bitlis province is selected as the study area. The town of Bitlis has a population of 70,000 (including the surroundings) as of the year 2000. The town is located 15 km from Lake Van along the steep slopes of the Bitlis River valley at an elevation of 1,400m.

The seismicity of Bitlis has been evaluated using a performance-based earthquake engineering approach in this study. Performance-based earthquake engineering seeks to improve seismic risk decision-making through assessment and design methods that have a strong scientific basis and that reveal options in terms that enable stakeholders to make informed decisions. Given the inherent uncertainty and variability in seismic response, it follows that a performance-based methodology should be formalized on a probabilistic basis. The framework has four main analysis steps: Hazard analysis, structural/nonstructural analysis, damage analysis, and loss analysis. The first assessment step entails a hazard analysis, through which one evaluates one or more ground motion Intensity Measures (IM). For standard earthquake intensity measures (such as peak ground acceleration or spectral acceleration) is obtained through conventional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Typically, IM is described as a mean annual probability of exceedance, which is specific to the location and design characteristics of the facility (Moehle and Deirlein, 2004).

In performance-based design and assessment method, it is possible to determine in quantities the damage levels that may arise from the design ground motion within the system structural system elements. It is checked whether this damage stays under the acceptable damage levels for each related component. Acceptable damage limits are defined in a way to be consistent with the foreseen performance targets at various earthquake levels (Aydınoğlu, 2007; Doran et al. 2011; Kutanis and Boru, 2014). Site-specific design spectra for the region have great importance to determined building's performance under an earthquake hazard. According to Section 2 of the Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC'07), the demand spectra used to determine seismic performance of an existing building based on a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years (Fig 1).

The assessment procedure aims to estimate the earthquake force demand at which the building would sustain the performance objectives. Demand spectrum, which is used in determining the performance of the building's system, shows the maximum response that a building gives against seismic activities during an earthquake (İlki and Celep, 2011). The assessment calculations were done based on a simple technique called the "equivalent displacement rule". The equivalent displacement approximation is based on the assumption that inelastic spectral displacement is the same as that which would occur if the structure remained perfectly elastic (ATC-40, 1996). For the flexible structures, where the natural vibrational periods are greater than the corner periods, this rule yields acceptable results. In other cases, particularly in short period (rigid) structures, where the natural vibrational periods are shorter than the corner periods, the displacements obtained from this approximation method might be significantly different from the actual results (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). In such cases, elastic spectral displacement is modified by multiplying it by a spectral displacement amplification factor (CR1) to obtain inelastic spectral displacement.

2. Local Geology

Soil conditions change the characteristics of surface seismic response. It is a known fact that this may cause damage to the existing structures built on these grounds (Borcherdt, 1990). The Lake Van Basin, which contains Bitlis, is located in the region known as the Bitlis Thrust Zone. It is a collapsed tectonic basin which is related to the Eastern Taurus region (Özkaymak et al., 2003). Orogenic movements have occurred in the field until the third phase of Miocene. Volcanic and tectonic events have caused many faults to form, as well as depressions and large lakes in this period (Facenna et al., 2006; Köse, 2004). Metamorphic rock in the region belonging to the Bitlis Massif include the Upper Cretaceous Ahlat-Adilcevaz mélange and Ahlat conglomerate, Miocene Adilcevaz limestone, Pliocene-Quaternary volcanic rocks and alluvial deposits from the surface in Bitlis and surrounding region (Report 1, Report 2). A geological map of Lake Van Basin is shown in Figure 4.

3. Tectonic Setting and Seismicity of Bitlis and Surrounding Areas

The general tectonic setting of Eastern Anatolia is mainly controlled by the collision of the northerly movable Arabian plate against Anatolian plate along a deformation zone known as Bitlis Thrust Zone (Fig. 5). The collision leads to the westward extrusion of the Anatolian plate along the two notorious transform faults with a different sense of slip, the dextral North Anatolian Fault, and the sinistral East Anatolian Fault zones, which join each other in Karlıova Triple Junction (KTJ) in the Eastern Anatolia (Fig. 5). In the eastern side of KTJ: however, the collision deformation is largely accommodated within the Eastern Anatolian Block through distributed NW-SE trending dextral faults and NE-SW trending sinistral faults representing escape tectonics, and shortening of the continental lithosphere along the Caucasus thrust zone. East-west trending Mush-Lake Van and Pasinler ramp basins constitute other conspicuous tectonic properties within the Eastern Anatolian border (Şengör et al. 1985; Barka and Kadinsky, 1988; Mc Clusky et al. 2000; Reilinger et al. 2006; Utkucu et al. 2013). The East Anatolian Fault Zone is a 550 km-long, approximately northeast-trending, sinistral strike-slip fault zone (Fig. 5) that comprises a series of faults arranged parallelly, sub-parallelly or obliquely to the general trend. The Bitlis Suture is a complex continent-continent and continent-ocean collisional boundary that lies north of fold-and-thrust belt of the Arabian platform and extends from south-eastern Turkey to the Zagros Mountains in Iran (Homke, 2007; Bonnin et al. 1988; Piper et al. 2008; Stern et al. 2008 and Lyberis et al. 1992). The area to the east of Karlıova triple junction is characterized by an N-S compressional tectonic regime (Fig. 6). Conjugate strike-slip faults of dextral and sinistral character paralleling to North and East Anatolian fault zones are the dominant structural elements of the region. Some of these structures include Ağrı Fault, Bulanık Fault, Çaldıran Fault, Erciş¸ Fault, Horasan Fault, Iğdır Fault, Malazgirt Fault, Süphan Fault, Balıklıgölü Fault Zone, Başkale Fault, Çobandede Fault Zone, Dumlu Fault Zone, Hasan Timur Fault Zone, Kavakbaşı Fault, Kağızman Fault Zone, Doğubayazıt Fault Zone, Karayazı Fault, Tutak Fault Zone, Yüksekova-Şemdinli Fault Zone and the Northeast Anatolian Fault Zone (Fig. 6) (Bozkurt, 2001). Aydemir et al. (2014) investigated the faults and possible structural elements that may have caused the devastating earthquake that occurred on October 23, 2011. This potential extended fault zone starting from the Nemrut Mountain in the west may exist through to the east of Lake Van (Aydemir et al. 2014).

The faults are seismically active and form the source for many earthquakes. Some of the major earthquakes in the 20th Century are 13 September 1924 Pasinler (M = 6.8), 1975 Lice (M = 6.6), 24 November 1976 Çaldıran (M = 7.3), 1988 Van (M= 5.0), 2000 Van (M=5.7), 23 October 2011 Van (M=7.2) and 09 November 2011 Van (M=5.6) earthquakes.

The examination of historical and instrumental earthquakes in Bitlis and its surroundings proves that this region is constantly under the influence of micro and macro earthquakes. Thus, Bitlis remains under an enormous influence of micro and macro earthquakes (Işık et al., 2012). Therefore, its buildings must be constructed, especially in Lake Van Basin where earthquake resistant design has always been neglected, according to earthquake codes.

4. Seismicity Parameters

On any given fault within any particular region, earthquakes occur at irregular intervals in time, and one of the primary activities in seismology has long been the search for meaningful patterns in the time sequences of earthquake occurrence (Dowrick, 2003). Among some recurrence laws have been proposed, in this study, Gutenberg and Richter's law was used because there is no available evidence to determine whether the Gutenberg -Richter or some other recurrence laws are correct. During any given interval in time, the general underlying pattern or distribution of size of events is that first described by Gutenberg and Richter (1944), who derived an empirical relationship between magnitude and frequency of the form

log N = a − b.M (1)

where N is the number of shocks of magnitude at least M per unit time and unit area, and a and b are seismic constants for any given region (Dowrick, 2003).

In a seismic hazard modeling study of Bitlis, recurrence rates are estimated by using historical and digital records. After the compilation of collected data, a plot of "M" against "log N" was constructed and the best-fit line of the form of Eqn. 1 was determined by regression analysis (Fig. 7). In probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, beside magnitude-frequency relationship that is calculated for Bitlis province as logN = 5.6247 - 0.7794 M.

5. Site-Specific Design Spectra for Bitlis Province

The seismic hazard analysis approach is based on the model developed originally by Cornell (1968) who quantified it regarding the probability of exceedance of the design level peak ground acceleration (PGA). The procedure for conducting a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis includes seismic source characterization, size distribution and rate of occurrence determination for the source, ground motion estimation and, lastly, probability analysis. In the current study, since the neotectonic faults are not identified in the research area clearly, earthquake sources are characterized as area source zones. Area seismic sources are often defined where specific fault data are not known, but seismicity does exist. Area sources assume that the rate of occurrence is uniform throughout. Therefore, every location within the area has equal probability that an event will occur (EZ-FRISK; Anton and Gibson, 2008).

All seismic sources, that can generate strong ground shaking in Bitlis and surroundings, are classified into 7 areal seismic zones (Fig. 8): (1) Bitlis-Zagros Suture Zone; (2) Northern Bitlis thrust fault zone (Dhont and Chorowicz, 2006); (3) Kavakbaşı Fault zone; (4) Malazgirt fault zone; (5) Ahlat and surrounding fault zone; (6) Suphan Fault zone ; and (7) Southern Van faults (Erçek fault, Kalecik fault, Edremit fault and Southern Boundary fault (Utkucu, 2006).

In Eastern Anatolia region, previously recorded strong ground motion acceleration records are limited. Therefore, in the current analysis, worldwide applicable three empirical attenuation relationships are utilized to perform the seismic hazard analysis. Attenuation relationships for rock sites employed in this study are Abrahamson-Silva (1997), Ambraseys et al. (2005), Boore et al. (1997), Campell (2003) and Idris (2008) (Fig. 9).

After the compilation of the seismic hazard analysis data, the procedure for conducting a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, by using EZ-FRISK (McGuire, 1995). The software was employed to produce the PGA as a function of return periods (Fig. 10) and uniform probability response spectra for selected return periods (Fig. 11). The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Bitlis are presented regarding spectral responses at 5% damping for the return periods of 72, 474.6 and 2474.9 years (Fig. 11). The results are compared with the spectral responses proposed for seismic evaluation and retrofit of building structure in Turkey Earthquake Code (2007) Section 7.

The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis revealed peak acceleration values for a typical rock site as 0.76g for 50% probability of exceedance in 50 years, 1.61g for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years and 2.68g for 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The obtained results are compared with the spectral responses proposed for seismic evaluation and retrofit of building structure in Turkey Earthquake Code, Section 7 (Fig. 12).

6. Results and Conclusions

By utilizing available data and the use of improved methods, a probabilistic seismic hazard of Bitlis province in Turkey was determined. As a first step of the performance-based earthquake engineering, it is well understood that the Code proposed spectra are not sufficient to represent earthquake demand in the performance evaluation. The results of this work will form the basis for the replacement of the existing earthquake design spectra in the assessment of earthquake performances of the existing buildings in Bitlis province. In this study, since active faults are not identified clearly, regional areas were used as an earthquake source zones. Future work will increase the resolution of the seismotectonic model by adding specific active faults. The obtained results are compared with the spectral responses proposed for seismic evaluation and retrofit of building structure in Turkish Earthquake Code, Section 7, and the amplitude and frequency range was different from each other (Fig.13).

Using the response spectrum obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis will make obtained data for Bitlis and other regions which are under a threat of earthquakes.

Therefore, site- specific design spectra for the region should be developed, which reflect the characteristics of local sites.


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How to Cite

APA

Işık, E. and Kutanis, M. (2015). Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 19(2), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101

ACM

[1]
Işık, E. and Kutanis, M. 2015. Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey. Earth Sciences Research Journal. 19, 2 (Jul. 2015), 129–134. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101.

ACS

(1)
Işık, E.; Kutanis, M. Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey. Earth sci. res. j. 2015, 19, 129-134.

ABNT

IŞIK, E.; KUTANIS, M. Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey. Earth Sciences Research Journal, [S. l.], v. 19, n. 2, p. 129–134, 2015. DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/50101. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.

Chicago

Işık, Ercan, and Mustafa Kutanis. 2015. “Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey”. Earth Sciences Research Journal 19 (2):129-34. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101.

Harvard

Işık, E. and Kutanis, M. (2015) “Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey”, Earth Sciences Research Journal, 19(2), pp. 129–134. doi: 10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101.

IEEE

[1]
E. Işık and M. Kutanis, “Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey”, Earth sci. res. j., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 129–134, Jul. 2015.

MLA

Işık, E., and M. Kutanis. “Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey”. Earth Sciences Research Journal, vol. 19, no. 2, July 2015, pp. 129-34, doi:10.15446/esrj.v19n2.50101.

Turabian

Işık, Ercan, and Mustafa Kutanis. “Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey”. Earth Sciences Research Journal 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 129–134. Accessed March 28, 2024. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/50101.

Vancouver

1.
Işık E, Kutanis M. Determination of Local Site-Specific Spectra Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Bitlis Province, Turkey. Earth sci. res. j. [Internet]. 2015 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Mar. 28];19(2):129-34. Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/50101

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1. Mustafa Kutanis, Hakan Ulutaş, Ercan Işik. (2018). PSHA of Van province for performance assessment using spectrally matched strong ground motion records. Journal of Earth System Science, 127(7) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-018-1004-6.

2. Vishal R. Deoda, Shrabony Adhikary. (2020). Use of Conditional Mean Spectra for Seismic Evaluation of RC Building Considering Soil Effects. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(11), p.1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-020-00536-1.

3. Ercan Işık, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Hüseyin Bilgin, Naida Ademović, Aydın Büyüksaraç, Ehsan Harirchian, Borko Bulajić, Hayri Baytan Özmen, Seyed Ehsan Aghakouchaki Hosseini. (2022). A Comparative Study of the Effects of Earthquakes in Different Countries on Target Displacement in Mid-Rise Regular RC Structures. Applied Sciences, 12(23), p.12495. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312495.

4. İbrahim Baran Karaşin, Ercan Işık, Aydın Büyüksaraç, Abdulhalim Karaşin. (2023). Advanced Technologies, Systems, and Applications VII. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 539, p.65. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17697-5_6.

5. Ercan Isik, Coskun Sagir, Zuhal Tozlu, Umit Salim Ustaoglu. (2019). Determination of Urban Earthquake Risk for Kırşehir, Turkey. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 23(3), p.237. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n3.60255.

6. Karma Tempa, Raju Sarkar, Abhirup Dikshit, Biswajeet Pradhan, Armando Lucio Simonelli, Saroj Acharya, Abdullah M. Alamri. (2020). Parametric Study of Local Site Response for Bedrock Ground Motion to Earthquake in Phuentsholing, Bhutan. Sustainability, 12(13), p.5273. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135273.

7. Ercan Işık. (2022). Comparative investigation of seismic and structural parameters of earthquakes (M ≥ 6) after 1900 in Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(10) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10255-7.

8. Ercan Işık, Aydın Büyüksaraç, Yunus Levent Ekinci, Mehmet Cihan Aydın, Ehsan Harirchian. (2020). The Effect of Site-Specific Design Spectrum on Earthquake-Building Parameters: A Case Study from the Marmara Region (NW Turkey). Applied Sciences, 10(20), p.7247. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207247.

9. Mehmet Fatih Işık, Fatih Avcil, Ehsan Harirchian, Mehmet Akif Bülbül, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Ercan Işık, Rabia İzol, Dorin Radu. (2023). A Hybrid Artificial Neural Network—Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Model for the Determination of Target Displacements in Mid-Rise Regular Reinforced-Concrete Buildings. Sustainability, 15(12), p.9715. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129715.

10. Emre ÖZŞAHİN, İlker EROĞLU. (2019). Erzincan Kentinde Yerel Zemin Özelliklerinin Deprem Duyarlılığına Etkisi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 5(1), p.41. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.428012.

11. Kübra ADAR, Aydın BÜYÜKSARAÇ, Ercan IŞIK, Ali Emre ULU. (2021). 2007 ve 2018 Deprem Yönetmeliklerinin Yapısal Analizler Işığında Karşılaştırılması. European Journal of Science and Technology, https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.906347.

12. Fatma ÜLKER PEKER, Ercan IŞIK. (2021). TBDY-2018’deki Yerel Zemin Koşullarının Çelik Yapı Deprem Davranışına Etkisi Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), p.1125. https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.915996.

13. Ercan Işık, Ehsan Harirchian, Aydın Büyüksaraç, Yunus Levent Ekinci. (2021). Seismic and Structural Analyses of the Eastern Anatolian Region (Turkey) Using Different Probabilities of Exceedance. Applied System Innovation, 4(4), p.89. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4040089.

14. Fatih UÇAR. (2022). ALETSEL DEPREM KATALOĞU VERİLERİ İLE BUCAK (BURDUR) VE ÇEVRESİNİN SİSMİK TEHLİKE PARAMETRELERİNİN TAHMİNİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Özel Sayı), p.57. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1163061.

15. Tolga Bekler, Alper Demirci, Yunus Levent Ekinci, Aydın Büyüksaraç. (2019). Analysis of local site conditions through geophysical parameters at a city under earthquake threat: Çanakkale, NW Turkey. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 163, p.31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.02.009.

16. Roberto Moreno Ceballo, Raúl González Herrera, Jorge Antonio Paz Tenorio, Jorge Alfredo Aguilar Carboney, Carlos Uriel Del Carpio Penagos. (2019). Effects of Sediment Thickness upon Seismic Amplification in the Urban Area of Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 23(2), p.111. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n2.72623.

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